Colonization Within France Essays - Eugen Weber, Peasant

Colonization within France Weber, Eugen. Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France 1870-1914. Stanford: Stanford Univ. Press. 1976. The nineteenth century witnessed a massive amount of change on almost all levels. The birth of liberal democracy during the French Revolution continued to expand as the growing middle classes demanded more political power to be equal with the economic clout. Nationalism began to play a significant role in the way people and countries viewed themselves. The flourishing Industrial Revolution is what gave rise to the middle class as they were about to use the technological advances in transportation, communications, and the production of energy to enhance their position in society. While a growing number of people flocked to the cities in search of a better life, a substantial portion of the population remained in the countryside and isolated to the changes of the century. Eugen Weber states in his introduction how he had always been fascinated with how there existed two cultures within France during the last part of the nineteenth century, and the works which piqued this interest. In 1944 Roger Thabault wrote about the changes in culture and politics which occurred in several French villages from 1848 until 1914. Four years later Andr? Varagnac, a folklorist, shifted the emphasis from the villages to the countryside when he wrote about how the traditions of the peasants died and were not replaced during this same period. Eugen Weber attempts to combine the methodology of these two studies to illustrate how disconnected France was and through the modernization which occurred during the first forty-five years of the Third Republic that France truly became a unified nation. In the first section of the book Weber describes "the way things were" prior to 1870. Within these first eleven chapters Weber illustrates how these peasants did not speak French, were not aware of the metric system, still maintained their local currencies, and had little access to the world outside their village due to poor roads. Without such a commonality of language or systems Weber believes that it would be impossible to think that France, particularly the country side, had a national consciousness. For those city-dwellers who did venture into the hinterlands they looked at themselves as an explorer or missionary trying to tame a "country of savages". They were dismayed to find that there were still large parts of the country where French was not understood. It was widely believed that the peasants needed to become French. The next nine chapters contains the most important section of the book; Weber aims to show how the peasants were made into Frenchmen through modernization. Weber focuses on the triumvirate of expansion and improvement of roads, military service, and compulsory education as the primary "agencies of change". An extensive system had been in existence in France for quite some time, but in the period under study Weber explains that many of these roads did not reach the hinterlands. The new by-roads allowed for formally isolated areas, e.g. Brittany, to become physically connected with France. The humiliating defeat to the Prussians compelled the stricter enforcement of conscription into military service forced young men to learn French and come into contact with people from outside his region. As peasant children's attendance at school started to improve after the improvement of roads and the educational reforms of Jules Ferry were implemented during the 1880's they began to ! learn the French language of Paris and what it was to be French. While their parents would speak their patois, these regional languages would eventually diminish with them. In the final section of the book states that these regional languages and several other elements of peasant popular culture would become "changed and assimilated" into a greater French culture. The old traditions had changed. No longer was there an inherent fear of outsiders as the peasants began to see in the utility of them in aiding them with trade and industry. The old oral tradition of the veil?e--the time spent with the community between supper and bedtime working and keeping warm--died as the peasants moved into warmer homes and began to enjoy the privacy of the family. In his conclusion, Weber attempts to use his thesis for broader implications. Weber

Definition of a Timber Rotation Period

Definition of a Timber Rotation Period A timber rotation period is simply the time between the establishment of a stand of trees and when that same stand is ready for a final cut. This period of years, often called the optimum rotation period, is especially important when foresters try to determine the most advantageous harvest condition in an even-aged stand of trees. When a stand is either economically mature or reaching beyond natural maturity, the rotation period has been reached and a final harvest can be planned. In any given condition, there is a best size and age to which timber should be allowed to grow. These sizes and ages can be very different depending on the desired harvest scheme used and the final timber product to be produced. What is important to know is that a premature cutting ​should  be avoided before trees reach their optimum value or, on the other hand, that trees in a stand do not grow beyond their optimum size and continued vigor. Over mature stands can result in defective tree deterioration, timber handling, and milling problems. There is also a time in maturing stands when a decreasing growth rate (of return) hurts the owners investment return. An optimum timber rotation is often based on and determined by precisely calculated criteria using the latest developments in forest statistics and the proper equipment. These criteria include measuring a stands mean diameter and height (stand size), determining the stand age in years, coring and measuring tree rings to determine the climax of mean annual increment and monitoring all these data for the onset of negative physical deterioration or when growth rates drop.

Arist Statement Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Arist Statement Paper - Essay Example I have endeavored to depict these moments since they progressively change as life goes on. My prints are an attempt to establish a connection between the viewer and the images. Art is the driving force of my etchings and is lies within the contemplative illustrations. The function of color in my prints is to generate a sentimental instinctive reaction to personal themes like scenes from my childhood and family legacy. I intend to evoke a sense of familiarity in the viewer as I correlate with a specific image. Printmaking acts as vehicle for infinite combinations of color juxtaposition. A variety of techniques and various combinations offer innumerable new opportunities. I am particularly enchanted by the forms, colors and shapes in printmaking. The art of printmaking is all about anticipation and moments of admiration or distress as the paper or screen is separated to expose the image. I especially focus on intricate compositions, in an attempt to transform my ideas into magnificent prints to put across profound sentimental content. Since the beginning, the process of etching seemed magical to me. Over the years, it has assisted me in presenting my inner vision to outer reality and thus led to a sense of achievement. Story-telling has always been an integral component of Slavic folklore. I have delved in my family history and culture at length, struggling to create profiles based upon renewed memories and recollections from old relatives. The supreme inspiration behind this collection is my Russian grandmother, Marina who used to narrate invigorating and inspirational stories to us in our childhood. With the passage of time and migration, the content of these conventional tales have been modified to some degree, now I relate the same stories to my daughter, Millicent. Therefore, my aim is to deconstruct these stories, lullabies and family heritage that play an imperative role not only in our childhood but in our adult life too. Our perception and connection wit h subject matter evolves and assumes new significance as we pass through time. The conceived fabricated reflection of embroidered memories is the foundation of my figurative connection between past and present established on my lineage. Memories comprise of only selective chapters of our past, frequently concealing imperative features, revealing only fractured bits and pieces of the entire picture. Some are crystal clear while others are blurred and altered, making it difficult to discern reality from illusions. I aspire to rediscover our self identity by accessing and repossessing our memories. I have tried to direct the attention of the observers to rediscover their own memories by building up relationships with the prints presented and analyze the pliability of their memories. My work is targeted at recreating, deforming, exposing and obscuring memories. My prints encompass various patterns and denote personal associations and an aesthetic appeal which I feel for each object. Our minds formulate memories according to a specific configuration and then recognize segments of our inner emotional nature. My goal is to illustrate the various surfaces of memory by discovering the bond between physical remembrance and the subtle temporary sentiments that activate as well as summon our memories. Experience, sentiment and perception are reflected by the

Human Resources Development Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Human Resources Development - Assignment Example It can be considered as a more practical and application based indicator of learning styles. Here, a psychometric questionnaire is prepared for evaluating the different personalities of individuals. Learning curve can be described as the learning process, taking place over a specific time period. It can be about learning a specific topic or area or gaining knowledge about a development. This learning curve can be of many forms. For instance, it can be steep, such as, in case of crash or short-term courses or it can be lengthy. In general, learning curve depends on what is being learned as well as learning capabilities of the individuals. The major role of learning curve in an organisation is transferring of experiences and overall learning of various activities in the workplace as well as achieving greater productivity. Learning is considered as ineffective, if it cannot be transmitted from past experience to present job or if it fails to provide positive results in business. Transfer of workplace learning is critical as it not only provides a real time and application based experience to workers, but also has innumerable scope for individual development in future. Workplace kn owledge transfer is also a good way of disseminating organisational learning as well as motivating individuals and teams to share their ideas and suggestions for business benefits. Thus, employees start linking learning process with improvement in performance, which subsequently leads to better organisational outcome. 1. Behaviourist Theory: According to this theory, external stimuli like, experiences, result in learning. Emphasis is given on conditioning and nurturing. Here, stimulus can be any change in the surrounding or environment and the immediate reaction of an individual will be the response. 2. Cognitive Theory: This theory stresses on improving the creative ability of employees, during the learning process.

Capsim Organization and Competitive Environment Essay

Capsim Organization and Competitive Environment - Essay Example The organization has also embarked on a massive marketing program which has helped in creating awareness of the business to the market. The organization has a wide market coverage comprising of not only students but business men all over the world. This has made it the global leader in developing and delivering business tips to practicing and aspiring business people on how to run profitable businesses (Hersey & Blanchard, 1974). This paper will review Capsim as an organization and its competitive environment. The organization has an enormous investment especially technologically. This is extremely risky especially with the changing dynamic of technology. The business calls for large expenses to cater for its operations and the costs get transferred to consumers making it unaffordable to many. The organization has complied with all regulatory procedures. Contingency theory states that there is no known best way of setting up an organizational structure. Contingency theory argues that the solution to any managerial problem is dependent on the factors that affect a situation. The theory suggests that effective managerial techniques get influenced by the tasks the organization is striving to achieve (Barney, 1985). Contingency theory attempts to equip managers with the capabilities to provide possible solutions to a business challenge. The theory explains that the best way to set up a company is dependent on the present internal and external factors facing the business. Some of these factors include customers, suppliers, government and technology. The theory attempts to develop a strategy that can address environmental uncertainties and challenges facing the business effectively and efficiently. The theory has sort to generalize formal structures that fit the use of different technologies. The contingency theory explains that the successful application of a tool or technique in one setting may have no influence in another. The theory

Three Major Approaches Of Leadership Theory Management Essay

Three Major Approaches Of Leadership Theory Management Essay In this project we are discussed the relationship between strategic management and leadership. We also discussed in these assignments leadership styles and their impact on strategic decisions. Leaders required to those leadership style which is appropriate for them, their section, their subordinates and the business they work for. The situations leaders need varying leadership styles based on a specific task, the worker being managed and the leaders personality. The Purpose of this report to identify the different leadership styles which would help in understanding how to manage the team in the company and main focus will be on what kind of leadership style adopted by organization to run their business. It has been demonstrated in the report that what kind of different qualities required by the different levels of authority. So that there should be no misunderstanding who report to who and who is responsible for what. Criticism is done to show, if company could use another leadership style, what they are using now would be more beneficial in achieving their objectives. Manager is the person who is having quality to get the things done through others. It means that Manager is responsible for achieving the targets. Focus is given on what kind of managerial skill practised in the company for smooth running of concern. Introduction:- Leadership culture is defined by the collective action of formal and informal leaders acting together in the help of organizational goals that ultimately marks the difference. When we speak about the leadership it is the both leaders themselves and the relationship among them, the skills and behavior of the leaders are required to execute the organization strategy and make the most wanted culture. The collective leadership capabilities of the leaders acting together in the groups and across the boundaries to implement strategies. (William and Michael, 2011.) Generating the effort and commitment to work towards objectives is central to managing any human activity. People use the term effective leader to denote someone who brings innovation, moves an activity out of trouble into success, makes a worthwhile difference. They see opportunities to do new things, take initiatives, and inspire people. The most effective leaders will be people who use their energies to accomplish desired results. Leadership will focus on action and implementation. Katz and Kahn (1948). In the process of leadership three main skills such as technical, human and conceptual are necessary. Technical skill: perform the specific tasks capability to use information, methods, technique and tools are essential and get from experience, education and training. Human skills: human skills are the capability and results in working with and through individuals. Human skills include accepting of motivation and purpose of effective leadership. Conceptual skills: conceptual skills provide skills to understand the complexities on the whole organization. Through Conceptual knowledge leaders act to according to the objectives of the total business rather than only on the basis of the goals and needs have direct team. There are three major approaches of leadership theory. They are:- Historical approach Classical approach Contemporary approach Trait theory: Trait theory of leadership provides the skills to identify qualities which helpful when leading with others and jointly, these appear as a universal leadership style. Example includes understanding, fierceness, good decision making. Trait theories assume that leaders contribute to number of ordinary individually traits and features and that leadership emerges from this traits.a trait is relatively stable aspect of an individuals personality that influences behavior in a particular direction. Many people have tried to identify the personal characteristics associated with effective leaders. According to trait theory every person will be born with some traits. Trait theory says that every leader will have certain traits that make them more suited to leadership than others. A person would have these traits from birth which will be his characteristics which makes him more suitable to be leaders than others. Traits are the distinguishing personal characteristics of a leader, such as intelligence, values, self confidence and appearance Behavior theory:-according to behavior theory leaders are made not born. This theory is completely against the traits theory. Traits theory says that leadership qualities come from birth where as the classical leadership style like the behavioral theory says that they come from practice and not from birth. It says that leadership is defined, hence any person can learn those qualities required to be leader and can successfully lead when there is need for it. Leadership qualities can be adopted by looking at others. Perhaps any leader can adopt the correct behavior with appropriate training. Contingency theory:-contingency approach a model of leadership that describes the relational ship between leadership styles and specific organizational situations. An early, extensive effort to combine leadership style and organizational situation into a comprehensive theory of leadership was made by Fiedler and his associates. Contingency theory is a refinement of the situational viewpoint and focuses on identifying the situational variables which best predict the most appropriate or effective leadership style to fit the particular circumstances. Transactional approach: James Burnes (1978) distinguish between transactional and transformational leaders. A transactional leader is one who treats leadership as an exchange, giving followers what they want if they do what the leader desires. And a transformational leader is a leader who treats leadership as a matter of motivation and commitment, inspiring flowerers by appealing to higher ideals and moral values. The leader, who holds power and control over his or her employees or followers, provides incentives for follower to do what the leader wants. Hence, transactional leadership simply involves an exchange that leads to desired outcomes and transformational leadership motivates us to do more than we originally expected to do. Participative theory:-participative theory says that whatever the decision or whenever the decision is need to be made, involve everyone who is attached to that. Dont take decision solely. Reason is when everyone come together to take the decision they feel involved in it. In participative type of leadership people are more committed because they are involved in decision making. The drawback of this style would be it can confuse a leader as which course of action to be taken as there are more ideas. This can be time consuming because more people are involved decisions cannot be made quickly. Impact of managerial styles on organizational effectiveness Performance of an organization is depending upon the leadership styles which are used in that organization. Leadership style has a significant relation with organizational performance. Leadership styles put a positive and negative effect on the performance of organization depends upon the style of leadership. Leadership style of administrative supervisors put a positive effect on the performance of organization. Performance of workers will be influenced by the leadership style of a leader. It also indicates that performance of organization is also influenced by the style of leadership. Organizational performance decided by leadership style that subordinates need to know, and give feedbacks and suggestions to execution. In this course a leader can know the requirements of the subordinates and subordinate can know the demands and requirements of their role at the same time. Subordinates get their rewards when they make organizational requested performance under the leadership style of executives. This is shown by research that leadership style put positive effect on the performance of the organization. Therefore leadership style should be correctly and carefully used to motivate and guide the subordinates. There are basically three types of leaders 1: Autocratic leaders. These are the leaders who do not consult their team when they make any decision. 2: Democratic leaders. These types of leaders make decisions with the input of other group members. This style of leadership is important when team agreement matters. 3: Laissez-fair leaders. These types of leaders allow the group members to make most of the decisions. They mostly do not interfere in most of the decisions. This type of leadership works when team is highly motivated and capable. Kotter (1990) distinguishes between the terms leadership and management while stressing that organizations need both, and that one person will often provide both. Good management as brining order and consistency to an activity- through task of planning, organizing and controlling. Individuals whom people recognize as leaders have created change. Good leadership is that which moves people to a place in which they and those who depend on them are genuinely better off ,and when it does so without trampling on the rights of others.leadrs succeed by establishing direction and strategy, communicating it to those whose corporation is needed and motivating and inspiring people. Managing and leading are closely related, but differ in their primary functions- the one of create order, the other to create change. Organization needs both if they are to prosper. A manager may or may not be an effective leader. A leader ability to influence others may be based on a verity of factors others than hi s or her formal authority or position. Warren Bennis, a highly regarded leadership scholar, differentiated the extremes of Management and leadership in number of provocative ways:- The managers administrates, the leader innovates. The manager in a copy, the leaders an original. The manager maintains, the leader develop. The manager focuses on systems and structure. The focuses on the people. The managers relies on control, the leader inspires trust. The manager has a short range view, leader has a long perspective. The manager asks how and when, leader asks what and why. The manager has an eye on the bottom line; the leader has his eye on the horizon. The manager imitates, the leader originates. The manager accepts the status quo, the leader challenges it. Manager do things right, leaders do the right things. For the success leader also needs to good leadership skills .strategic leader provide a positive and professional atmosphere because they are efficiently planning and controlling the individuals and processes. Leader can produce equal attitudes in their team worker. Strategic long term decisions involve the direction of the business. If the plan and decisions are right, the business will grow and succeed. But if a business makes pure decisions, it may fail. Effective management requires an understanding of how the processes are applied and how they can be used. Management is more art than science in that managers constantly have to use their judgment and expertise. Management is the process of achieving pre-set aims and objectives through the work of others; a manager role is to:- Devise strategies and policies which will server future growth and development. Control and co-ordinate a mix of available resources-people, money, materials,-so as to earn a profit or to run the organization cost effectively. Interpret and respond to changes in economic, social and technological trends, so as to keep the organization sharp and competitive. Develop new entrants into the organization, so as to ensure its long term survival and success. Promote interpersonal communication and telephone communication systems to that the organization benefits from an open exchange of information and ideas. Effective management depends entirely on mix of: The manager personality and what style fits it best. The kind of people and tasks to be managed. The culture and benefits of the organization and the social, economic backdrop at the time. Management has to stay on their toes and use all their skills and competencies to benefits the organization and its stakeholder-employers, customers, investors, the community and so forth. According to Edward Elgar There is music in the air, music all around us, said composer.The tune heard most often by todays managers may be the constant ring of a cell phone tying them to the organization .managers can become a leader who set the pace for an organization and lead people in a different kind of performance. Leaders also find the off-key notes, bring people together and inspire them to act in ways that accomplish the organizations vision. Understanding people, communicating, building team work and inspiring others are the essentials of effective organizational leadership. By developing leadership skills in understanding human behavior, communication, teamwork and motivation, managers can boost an organizations chance of hitting all the right notes. In the organization management and leadership are both important. successful managers have to be leaders, too, because there are distinctive qualities associated with management and leadership that provide different strengths for the organization, as show in the diagram: Leader and managers qualities:- Leader qualities Manager qualities SOUL MIND visionary Rational passionate Consulting creative Persistent flexible Problem-solving inspiring Tough-minded innovative Analytical courageous Structured imaginative Deliberate experimental authoritative Initiates change Stabilizing Personal power Position power As shown in the diagram, leadership and management are different sets of skills and qualities which normally overlap within a particular person. Every individual has more of one set of qualities than the other, but ideally a manager builds up a balance of both manager and leader qualities. A main difference between management and leadership is that management promotes stability, order and problem solving within the existing organizational structure and systems. Leadership promotes and vision, creativity and change. In other words a manager takes care of where you are; leaders take you to new place.James E.Colvard, (July 2003) leadership means questioning the status qua so that out of use, uncreative, or publicly careless norms can be changed to meet new challenges. Leadership cannot replace management; it should be in addition to management .good leadership is required to facilitate the business meet current commitments,while good leadership is needed to move the organization into th e future. Richard L.Daft (2005). DRAWBACKS OF LEADERSHIP THEORY FOLLOWED The theory they had adopted in their organisation is based on assumption that leaders invest their time in educating the positive skills in the workers to perform the assigned work. Transformational leaders invest their time in building trust and convincing followers to believe in a shared vision. But Organization want instant result by forcing the leader but its a time consuming process to get result from followers so its a time consuming process can provide result instantly. In Transformational style organisation has to depend upon the leader behaviour if the leader is not intelligent and lack of inspirational communication skills and lack of experience not able to motivate the workers and organisation have to suffer.(Disadvantages of Transformational leadership) Conclusion;- In this assignment it is concluded that organizational leaders build some traits in their employees like trust, respect, fairness, teamwork and results that create a lasting impact. They put the employee should remain in the assigned work long enough to make his or her contributions clear. It clears that mainly organization had adopted Transformational Leadership style. Different qualities of different level had been discussed like, win with diversity they can hire employees from different cultures this benefits them in knowing what is liked by different cultures and although it would be helpful in getting new ideas for improvement in their process. It had been shown that Transformational leaders invest their time in building trust and convincing followers to believe in a shared vision. But Organization want instant result by forcing the leader but its a time consuming process to get result from followers so its a time consuming process can provide result instantly. Man Mangers can r aise their skill level by listening to others rather than speaking their own. This the only way which help the manager in finding whats going on in organization. To overcome the change lectures provided to every employee to understand the new method for production .So that they all put their efforts together to achieve the goals of the organization efficiency, effectively and without any wastage. To improve the company performance Managers should treat their employees equally without any partiality when the change is implemented. If they dont then employees resist change and for that wrong behaviour of the managers Organization have to suffer. According to situation leaders can use of different leadership style.

Ritz Carlton Background :: essays research papers

The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company has achieved so much fame in their marketplace that they have attained what is referred to as â€Å"The Ritz Mystique.† Among the grand hotels of the world, The Ritz-Carlton hotels and resorts are famous for luxury, spectacular surroundings and legendary service. They have gained this title with dedication and award-winning hotels that reflect the 100 years of tradition that stand behind them. Discovering the fascinating history of Ritz-Carlton hotels, illustrates their commitment on relentless training to improve their quality in service and their strategy. Ritz-Carlton has achieved a Gold Standard of value and philosophy by which they operate. The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company, L.L.C. originates with the 1983 purchase of The Ritz-Carlton, Boston by William B. Johnson, and the purchase of rights to The Ritz-Carlton name. The standards of service, dining and facilities of this Boston landmark serve as a benchmark for all Ritz-Carlton hotels and resorts worldwide. In 1927, Edward N. Wyner, a local Boston real estate developer, was asked to build a world-class hotel. Wyner agreed because he knew The Ritz-Carlton name would secure immediate success. He received permission from The Ritz-Carlton Investing Company and the Paris Ritz for use of the name and set out to create luxury in the heart of Boston. Edward Wyner died in 1961. However, the Ritz legacy endured with Charles Ritz, son of Cesar Ritz, who was an active board member of The Ritz-Carlton until his death in 1977. In 1983, Blakely sold the hotel and the rights to The Ritz-Carlton name to William B. Johnson, who established The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company. The company has grown a collection of the finest hotels around the world since. Several of these hotels are historic landmarks, following a commitment of The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company to preserving architecturally important buildings. One of these examples is The Ritz-Carlton, Huntington Hotel & Spa. As a famous Pasadena landmark for nearly 100 years, the Huntington Hotel went through many owners and stages to get where they are today. The hotel was finished with its final rebuilding and renovating stages and reopened as The Ritz-Carlton, Huntington Hotel in March 1991. Originally the hotel was constructed in 1906 and opened in February 1907 as the Hotel Wentworth. Financial problems and a disappointing first season forced the Hotel Wentworth to go out of business. Railroad tycoon and art collector Henry Huntington purchased the Hotel Wentworth in 1911, renaming it the Huntington Hotel.